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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">yearbookjapan</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Ежегодник Япония</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Yearbook Japan</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2687-1432</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2687-1440</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Association of Japanologists and the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24412/2687-1440-2021-50-32-60</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">yearbookjapan-6</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭКОНОМИКА И ОБЩЕСТВО</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ECONOMICS AND SOCIETY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>О бедности и неравенстве в Японии</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>About Poverty and Inequality in Japan</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лебедева</surname><given-names>И. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lebedeva</surname><given-names>I. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лебедева Ирина Павловна, д.э.н., главный научный сотрудник</p><p>103031, Москва, ул. Рождественка, д. 12</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Lebedeva Irina P., Doctor of Sciences (Economics), Chief Researcher</p><p>103031, Moscow, Rozhdestvenka Street, 12</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">iplebedeva2019@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт востоковедения РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>16</day><month>02</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>50</volume><issue>0</issue><fpage>32</fpage><lpage>60</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Лебедева И.П., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Лебедева И.П.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Lebedeva I.P.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.yearbookjapan.ru/jour/article/view/6">https://www.yearbookjapan.ru/jour/article/view/6</self-uri><abstract><p>В результате старения населения, сдвигов в структуре домохозяйств, изменений на рынке труда в последние два-три десятилетия в Японии происходит постепенное усиление расслоения населения по первичным доходам, а также некоторый рост относительной бедности. Однако через механизмы перераспределения доходов, встроенные в системы пенсионного обеспечения и медицинского страхования, а также посредством оказания материальной поддержки наименее защищенным слоям населения государству удается сдерживать эти процессы. Особую важность имеют принятые в последние годы меры, направленные на поддержку семей с детьми, что позволило снизить показатель относительной детской бедности и удержать расслоение по доходам среди этой группы семей на весьма низком уровне.</p><p>Очевидно, что текущий доход, по которому измеряются уровень относительной бедности и степень расслоения населения, не может однозначно свидетельствовать о том, что та или иная семья или тот или иной человек живут в бедности. Уровень жизни помимо текущего дохода зависит также от объема финансовых накоплений, наличия недвижимости, обладания ценными бумагами и т. д. Так, например, пожилые граждане, которые по уровню текущего дохода относятся к наименее обеспеченным слоям населения, обладают наибольшей долей накопленных в стране финансовых активов. О том, что происходящие в стране изменения не привели к превращению японского «общества среднего класса» в «разделенное общество», свидетельствуют и результаты опросов общественного мнения, ежегодно проводимых канцелярией премьер-министра. На протяжении более полувека абсолютное большинство японцев — порядка 90% — отвечая на вопрос, как бы они оценили уровень жизни своих семей на общем фоне, выбирают ответ «средний». При этом в самом составе среднего класса произошел сдвиг в сторону повышения доли более обеспеченных слоев (среднего и высшего). В целом японское общество остается здоровым и благополучным. Что же касается бедности, то в отличие от России, где она является следствием вопиющей социальной несправедливости, запредельных социальных контрастов, в Японии, на наш взгляд, она не носит системного характера и возникает вследствие каких-то особенно неблагоприятных, исключительных обстоятельств, в которых оказалась та или иная семья или тот или иной человек.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>As a result of the ageing of the population, shifts in the structure of households, changes in the labor market in the last two to three decades, in Japan, there is a gradual strengthening of the initial income disparity, as well as some increase in relative poverty rate. However, through the mechanisms of redistribution of income embedded in the pension system and medical insurance system, as well as through the provision of material support to the least protected segments of the population, the state has managed to restrain these processes. Measures taken to support families with children in recent years have been particularly important. They made it possible to reduce the rate of relative child poverty and keep income inequality among this group of families on a relatively low level. Obviously, current income, by which the level of relative poverty and income inequality are measured, cannot clearly indicate that a family or a particular person live in poverty. In addition to the current income, the standard of living also depends on the amount of ﬁnancial savings, the availability of real estate, the possession of securities, etc. For example, older citizens, who are among the least well-oﬀ in terms of current income, have the largest share of the country’s accumulated ﬁnancial assets. The results of opinion polls conducted annually by the Prime Minister’s Cabinet Oﬃce show that the changes taking place in the country have not led to the transformation of the Japanese “middle class society” into a “divided society”. For more than half a century, the absolute majority of the Japanese, about 90 percent, when asked how they would rate their families’ standard of living, chose the answer “middle level”. At the same time, in the composition of the middle class, there was a shift towards the increasing share of the more well-oﬀ (middle and higher) strata. In general, Japanese society remains healthy and prosperous. As for poverty, unlike Russia, where it is a consequence of blatant social injustice and extreme social contrasts, in Japan, in our opinion, it is not systemic and arises as a result of some particularly unfavorable, exceptional circumstances in which a family or a person ﬁnd themselves.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>бедность</kwd><kwd>неравенство</kwd><kwd>распределение доходов</kwd><kwd>депривация</kwd><kwd>старение населения</kwd><kwd>структура домохозяйств</kwd><kwd>рынок труда</kwd><kwd>социальное обеспечение</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>poverty</kwd><kwd>inequality</kwd><kwd>income distribution</kwd><kwd>deprivation</kwd><kwd>population ageing</kwd><kwd>household structure</kwd><kwd>labor market</kwd><kwd>social security</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лебедева И. П. (2021) Вименомика: достижения и проблемы. 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