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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">yearbookjapan</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Ежегодник Япония</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Yearbook Japan</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2687-1432</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2687-1440</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Association of Japanologists and the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.55105/2687-1440-2025-54-290-322</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">yearbookjapan-488</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПЕРЕВОДЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>TRANSLATIONS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Кукай о многообразии живых существ: разделы из «Трактата о десяти ступенях разума тайной мандалы»</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Kukai on the Diversity of Living Beings (Sections from the Treatise on Ten Stages of Mind of Secret Mandala)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Оськин</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Os’kin</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Оськин Максим Викторович, студент магистратуры</p><p>Москва, 105066, Старая Басманная ул., 21/4</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Os’kin Maksim V.</p><p>21/4, Staraya Basmannaya st., Moscow, 105066</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">o.maksim2001@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>HSE University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>54</volume><issue>0</issue><fpage>290</fpage><lpage>322</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Оськин М.В., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Оськин М.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Os’kin M.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.yearbookjapan.ru/jour/article/view/488">https://www.yearbookjapan.ru/jour/article/view/488</self-uri><abstract><p>Во втором свитке «Трактата о десяти ступеней разума тайной мандалы», компендиума буддийской философии, Кукай (774–835) обсуждает низшую из стадий духовного совершенства, выделяя отсутствие у находящихся на ней существ любых правильных взглядов и стремления к благу в качестве главенствующего свойства их разума. Большая часть свитка отводится вопросам космологии, в том числе различным классам обитателей мира, образ жизни которых основывается на неблагих путях деяний, в результате которых страдание ощущается особенно остро.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In the second scroll of his Treatise on Ten Stages of Mind of Secret Mandala, a Buddhist philosophy compendium, Kukai discusses the lowest level of spiritual progress highlighting the absence of right seeing and inclination towards the wholesome among the beings of this stage as the dominating trait of their mind. The scroll is largely concerned with the cosmological issues including the various classes of living beings whose way of life is based on unwholesome courses of action, as a result of which the sense of suffering is particularly heightened.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>«Десять ступеней разума»</kwd><kwd>буддийская космология</kwd><kwd>классификация существ</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Ten Stages of Mind</kwd><kwd>Buddhist cosmology</kwd><kwd>classification of living beings.</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Os’kin, M.V. (2025). Traktat Kukaya «Desyat’ stupenei soznaniya»: uchenie ob ustroistve mira [Kukai’s treatise “Ten stages of mind”: exposition of cosmology]. Voprosy filosofii, 10 (2025), 146–162 (In Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Os’kin, M.V. (2025). 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