<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">yearbookjapan</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Ежегодник Япония</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Yearbook Japan</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2687-1432</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2687-1440</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Association of Japanologists and the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.55105/2687-1440-2024-53-161-182</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">yearbookjapan-447</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИСТОРИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>HISTORY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Вступление Японии в Тройственный пакт: продуманная стратегия или конъюнктурное решение?</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Japan’s Joining the Tripartite Pact: An Elaborate Strategy or an Opportunistic Solution?</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7177-2831</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Стрельцов</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Streltsov</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Стрельцов Дмитрий Викторович, доктор исторических наук, профессор</p><p>119454, Москва, просп. Вернадского д. 76;</p><p>117997, Москва, Нахимовский просп., д. 32</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Streltsov Dmitry Victorovich, Professor</p><p>76, Vernadskogo Prospect, 119454;</p><p>32, Nakhimovsky Prospekt, Moscow, 117218</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">d.streltsov@inno.mgimo.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>МГИМО-университет;&#13;
Институт Китая и современной Азии</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>MGIMO University;&#13;
Institute of China and Contemporary Asia of RAS</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>10</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>53</volume><issue>0</issue><fpage>161</fpage><lpage>182</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Стрельцов Д.В., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Стрельцов Д.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Streltsov D.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.yearbookjapan.ru/jour/article/view/447">https://www.yearbookjapan.ru/jour/article/view/447</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье рассмотрена мотивация Японии по вступлению в Тройственный пакт с Германией и Италией в 1940 г. Проанализирована внутриполитическая борьба в Японии в период перед его подписанием – с особым акцентом на позиции основных политических сил, и, прежде всего, армейской и военно-морской группировок. Основным пунктом противоречий между ними был вопрос о том, заключать ли пакт с Германией в контексте возможных последствий этого шага для интересов Японии в связи с ее отношениями с тремя державами – Великобританией, США и СССР.По мнению автора, с приходом второго кабинета Коноэ в японском руководстве сложился консенсус относительно присоединения к германо-итальянскому пакту. На фоне военных побед Германии в Европе и предполагаемой неготовности США сворачивать политику изоляционизма Токио рассчитывал, что этот шаг позволит зафиксировать раздел сфер влияния трех держав, в рамках которого Япония получила бы обширные колонии европейских стран в Азии.Япония просчиталась по большинству моментов, обусловивших ее решение вступить в пакт. Японии не удалось использовать Ось в качестве средства «нейтрализации» СССР и США. Оказавшись на стороне нацистской Германии в разгоравшейся мировой войне, Япония утратила любые, в том числе дипломатические, возможности для отхода назад, противопоставив себя гораздо более мощной в экономическом и военном отношениях коалиции, что, в конечном счете, привело ее к катастрофе. Несостоятельным был и расчет Японии на посредничество Германии в деле достижения японо-китайского мира: Чан Кайши отверг любые попытки в этом направлении, видя стратегию двух стран по вишизации правительства Китайской Республики.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article addresses the motivation of Japan to join the Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy in 1940. The internal political struggle in Japan on this issue is analyzed, with special emphasis on the positions of the main political forces and, first of all, the Army and Navy factions. The main point of contradiction between them was the question of whether Japan should conclude a pact with Germany in the context of its interests regarding the relations with the three major powers – Great Britain, the USA, and the USSR.According to the author, with the arrival of the second Konoe cabinet, there was a consensus in the Japanese leadership on joining the German-Italian pact. Against the background of Germany’s military victories in Europe and the alleged unwillingness of the United States to curtail the policy of isolationism, Tokyo hoped that this step would fix the division of the spheres of influence of the three powers, within which Japan would receive extensive colonies of European countries in Asia. Japan miscalculated most of the points that led to its decision to join the pact.Japan failed to use the Axis as a means of “neutralizing” the USSR and the USA. Having found itself on the side of Nazi Germany in the outbreak of the World War, Japan lost any, including diplomatic, opportunities to retreat, opposing itself to a much more powerful coalition in economic and military terms, which ultimately led it to disaster. Japan’s calculation on German mediation in achieving JapaneseChinese peace would also be untenable: Chiang Kai-shek rejected any attempts in this direction, seeing through the strategy of Japan and Germany to Vichy-ize the government of the Republic of China.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Япония</kwd><kwd>Германия</kwd><kwd>Тройственный пакт</kwd><kwd>Ось БерлинРим-Токио</kwd><kwd>«армейская группировка»</kwd><kwd>«военно-морская группировка»</kwd><kwd>экспансия на Юг</kwd><kwd>Зона совместного процветания Восточной Азии</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Japan</kwd><kwd>Germany</kwd><kwd>Tripartite Pact</kwd><kwd>Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis</kwd><kwd>Army Faction</kwd><kwd>Navy Faction</kwd><kwd>Expansion to the South</kwd><kwd>East Asia Joint Prosperity Zone</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aizawa, K. (2010). Japan and the Tripartite Pact. International Forum on War History 2010 “The Strategy of the Axis Powers in the Pacific War”. National Institute for Defense Studies. September 29, 2010. P. 129–144 Retrieved January 31, 2024, from https://www.nids.mod.go.jp/english/publication/forum/e2010.html</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aizawa, K. (2010). Japan and the Tripartite Pact. International Forum on War History 2010 “The Strategy of the Axis Powers in the Pacific War”. National Institute for Defense Studies. September 29, 2010. P. 129–144 Retrieved January 31, 2024, from https://www.nids.mod.go.jp/english/publication/forum/e2010.html</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Auer, J. E. (ed.) (2006). Who Was Responsible? From Marco Polo Bridge to Pearl Harbor. Tokyo: Yomiuri Shimbun.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Auer, J. E. (ed.) (2006). Who Was Responsible? From Marco Polo Bridge to Pearl Harbor. Tokyo: Yomiuri Shimbun.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Coox. A. D. (1972). Japanese Foreknowledge of the Soviet German War, 1941. Soviet Studies, 23 (4), 554–572.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Coox. A. D. (1972). Japanese Foreknowledge of the Soviet German War, 1941. Soviet Studies, 23 (4), 554–572.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Добринская О. А. (2017). Сато Наотакэ: путь дипломата. Японские исследования. № 3. C. 51–67.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dobrinskaya, O. (2017). Sato Naotake: put’ diplomata [Naotake Sato: The Way of a Diplomat]. Japanese Studies in Russia, 3, 51–67. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dobson, H. (1999). The Failure of the Tripartite Pact: Familiarity Breeding Contempt Between Japan and Germany, 1940–45. Japan Forum, 11(2), 179–190.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dobson, H. (1999). The Failure of the Tripartite Pact: Familiarity Breeding Contempt Between Japan and Germany, 1940–45. Japan Forum, 11(2), 179–190.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dülffer, J. (1986). The Tripartite Pact of 27 September 1940: Fascist Alliance or Propaganda Trick? Australian Journal of Politics &amp; History, 32, 228–237.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dülffer, J. (1986). The Tripartite Pact of 27 September 1940: Fascist Alliance or Propaganda Trick? Australian Journal of Politics &amp; History, 32, 228–237.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goeschel, C. (2022). Performing the New Order: The Tripartite Pact, 1940–1945. Contemporary European History, July, 1–17.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goeschel, C. (2022). Performing the New Order: The Tripartite Pact, 1940–1945. Contemporary European History, July, 1–17.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jeffrey, R. (2009). Japan’s Decision for War in 1941: Some Enduring Lessons. Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jeffrey, R. (2009). Japan’s Decision for War in 1941: Some Enduring Lessons. Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Милеев Д. А. (2010) Некоторые вопросы сотрудничества Японии и Германии во Второй мировой войне. Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Всеобщая история. № 2. С. 7–26.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mileev, D. (2010). Nekotorye voprosy sotrudnichestva Yaponii i Germanii vo Vtoroi mirovoi voine [Some Issues of Cooperation Between Japan and Germany in World War II]. Vestnik Rossiiskogo universiteta druzhby narodov. Seriya: Vseobschaya istoriya. [Bulletin of the Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia. Series: Universal History], 2, 7–26. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Молодяков В. Э. (2006) Эпоха борьбы: Сиратори Тосио (1887–1949): дипломат, политик, мыслитель. Москва: АИРО.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Molodyakov, V. (2006). Epokha bor’by: Siratori Tosio (1887–1949): diplomat, politik, myslitel’. [The Era of Struggle: Toshio Shiratori (1887–1949): Diplomat, Politician, Thinker]. Moscow: AIRO. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Murakami, S. (1989). Indochina: Unplanned Incursion. In: Conroy, H., Wray, H. (eds.), Pearl Harbor Reexamined: Prologue to the Pacific War (pp. 141–150). Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Murakami, S. (1989). Indochina: Unplanned Incursion. In: Conroy, H., Wray, H. (eds.), Pearl Harbor Reexamined: Prologue to the Pacific War (pp. 141–150). Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Носов М. Г. (2015) США – Япония: между началом Второй мировой войны и Пёрл-Харбором. США и Канада: экономика, политика, культура. № 2. С. 79–96.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nosov, M. (2015). SShA – Yaponiya: mezhdu nachalom Vtoroi mirovoi voiny i Perl-Kharborom [USA – Japan: Between the Beginning of the Second World War and Pearl Harbor]. USA and Canada: Economics, Politics, Culture, 2, 79–96. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Paine, S. C. M. (2017). The Japanese Empire: Grand Strategy From the Meiji Restoration to the Pacific War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Paine, S. C. M. (2017). The Japanese Empire: Grand Strategy From the Meiji Restoration to the Pacific War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stratman, G. J. (1970). Germany’s diplomatic relations with Japan 1933–1941. Thesis, Dissertations, Professional Papers. Paper 2450. Retrieved March 21, 2023, from https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&amp;type=pdf&amp;doi=9f1dd873632f7a0ea024b0c5094e358ba187cef9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stratman, G. J. (1970). Germany’s diplomatic relations with Japan 1933–1941. Thesis, Dissertations, Professional Papers. Paper 2450. Retrieved March 21, 2023, from https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&amp;type=pdf&amp;doi=9f1dd873632f7a0ea024b0c5094e358ba187cef9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tajima, N. (2016). Tripartite Pact Between Japan, Germany and Italy. In International Forum on War History: Proceedings (pp. 45–60). Retrieved March 21, 2023, from http://www.nids.mod.go.jp/english/event/forum/pdf/2016/03.pdf</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tajima, N. (2016). Tripartite Pact Between Japan, Germany and Italy. In International Forum on War History: Proceedings (pp. 45–60). Retrieved March 21, 2023, from http://www.nids.mod.go.jp/english/event/forum/pdf/2016/03.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tajima, N. (2020). Nichidoku bokyo kyotei, nichudokui sankokudōmei: Indo, Afuganisutan, Iran wo shōten to shite [Anti-Comintern Pact, Tripartite Pact, War Alliance Between Japan, Germany and Italy: Focusing on India, Afghanistan and Iran]. Seijo Law Review, 01(86), 257–279. Retrieved May 5, 2022, from https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1520290882917670528 (In Japanese).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tajima, N. (2020). Nichidoku bokyo kyotei, nichudokui sankokudōmei: Indo, Afuganisutan, Iran wo shōten to shite [Anti-Comintern Pact, Tripartite Pact, War Alliance Between Japan, Germany and Italy: Focusing on India, Afghanistan and Iran]. Seijo Law Review, 01(86), 257–279. Retrieved May 5, 2022, from https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1520290882917670528 (In Japanese).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тобэ Р. (2015). Политика Японии в отношении Советского Союза в 1931–1941 гг.: проблема советско-японского пакта о ненападении. Российско-японские отношения в формате параллельной истории. Под общ. ред. А. В. Торкунова и М. Иокибэ. Москва: Издательство МГИМО-Университет. С. 361–391.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tobe, R. (2015). Politika Yaponii v otnoshenii Sovetskogo Soyuza v 1931–1941 gg.: problema sovetsko-yaponskogo pakta o nenapadenii [Japan’s Policy Towards the Soviet Union in 1931–1941: The Problem of the Soviet-Japanese Non-Aggression Pact]. In: A. Torkunov and M. Iokibe (Eds.). Rossiyskoyaponskie otnosheniya v formate parallel’noi istorii [Russian-Japanese Relations in the Format of Parallel History]. Moscow: MGIMO University. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yellen, J. A. (2016). Into the Tiger’s Den: Japan and the Tripartite Pact, 1940. Journal of Contemporary History, 51(3), 555–576.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yellen, J. A. (2016). Into the Tiger’s Den: Japan and the Tripartite Pact, 1940. Journal of Contemporary History, 51(3), 555–576.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
