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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">yearbookjapan</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Ежегодник Япония</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Yearbook Japan</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2687-1432</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2687-1440</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Association of Japanologists and the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.55105/2687-1440-2024-53-34-57</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">yearbookjapan-442</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭКОНОМИКА И ОБЩЕСТВО</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ECONOMICS AND SOCIETY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Образование как главный фактор социальной мобильности в Японии</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Education as the Main Factor of Social Mobility in Japan</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0273-2689</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лебедева</surname><given-names>И. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lebedeva</surname><given-names>I. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лебедева Ирина Павловна, д.э.н., главный научный сотрудник</p><p>103031 Москва, ул. Рождественка, 12</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Lebedeva Irina Pavlovna, Doctor of Economics, Chief Researcher</p><p>12, Rozhdestvenka Street, Moscow, 107031</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">iplebedeva2019@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Центр японских исследований Института востоковедения РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Oriental Studies of RAS</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>10</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>53</volume><issue>0</issue><fpage>34</fpage><lpage>57</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Лебедева И.П., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Лебедева И.П.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Lebedeva I.P.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.yearbookjapan.ru/jour/article/view/442">https://www.yearbookjapan.ru/jour/article/view/442</self-uri><abstract><p>В современном мире, в первую очередь, в развитых странах, главным фактором межпоколенческой социальной мобильности стало образование. По тому, усиливается или, наоборот, смягчается влияние «обстоятельств рождения» на доступ к образованию, социологи судят о степени открытости или жесткости социальной структуры. Хотя в Японии к настоящему времени высшее образование стало уже массовым, это не означает, что уменьшилась степень социального неравенства в этой сфере. Структурирование шансов детей на доступ к высшему образованию по линиям, разделяющим общество на разные социальные слои, начинается здесь еще на этапе обучения в школе – сначала в средней школе, а затем – в школе высшей ступени.Неравенство шансов, формирующееся на стадии школьного образования, влияет и на выбор детьми и их родителями ранга университета, и на выбор специальности, а в дальнейшем – и на возможности трудоустройства, предопределяя, по сути, весь жизненный путь человека. Опираясь на работы известных японских социологов и материалы японской статистики, автор показывает, что японская система образования играет двоякую роль. С одной стороны, она предоставляет шансы оторваться от своих социальных корней и продвинуться по социальной лестнице все большему числу молодых людей, а с другой – консервирует и воспроизводит социальное неравенство.По расчетам японских социологов, показатели относительной социальной мобильности, отражающей соотношение шансов на доступ к высшему образованию выходцев из разных слоев населения, на протяжении всего послевоенного периода отличались удивительной стабильностью. Это, с одной стороны, не подтверждает ставший расхожим тезис о нарастании неравенства в сфере образования в последние два-три десятилетия, а с другой – позволяет утверждать, что как прежде, так и теперь японское общество является какуса сякай или разделенным обществом. Однако нарастание в структуре выпускников японских университетов доли второго поколения обладателей университетских дипломов дает основание предположить, что масштабы влияния фактора социального неравенства в сфере образования постепенно будут сокращаться.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In the modern world, primarily in developed countries, education has become the main factor of intergenerational social mobility. Sociologists judge the degree of openness or rigidity of the social structure by whether the influence of “birth circumstances” on access to education increases or, conversely, softens. Although higher education has become widespread in Japan by now, this does not mean that the degree of social inequality in this area has decreased. Structuring children’s chances of access to higher education along the lines dividing society into different social strata begins here at the stage of schooling – first, in secondary school, and then in high school.The inequality of chances that forms at the stage of school education affects the choice of university rank and directions of specialization by children and their parents, employment opportunities in the future, determining, in fact, the entire life path of a person. Based on the works of famous Japanese sociologists and the data of Japanese statistics, the author shows that the Japanese education system plays a dual role. On the one hand, it provides a chance to break away from one’s social roots and move up the social ladder to an increasing number of young people. On the other hand, it preserves and reproduces social inequality.According to calculations by Japanese sociologists, indicators of relative social mobility, reflecting the ratio of chances to access higher education for people from different backgrounds, were remarkably stable throughout the post-war period. On the one hand, this does not confirm the widely accepted thesis about the growing inequality in education in the last two or three decades. On the other hand, it allows us to assert that both before and now Japanese society is a kakusa shakai, or a gap society. However, the increase of the share of second-generation university degree holders in the structure of Japanese university graduates suggests that the scale of the influence of the factor of social inequality in education will gradually decrease.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>социальная структура</kwd><kwd>социальное неравенство</kwd><kwd>образование</kwd><kwd>межпоколенческая мобильность</kwd><kwd>какуса сякай</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>social structure</kwd><kwd>social inequality</kwd><kwd>education</kwd><kwd>intergenerational mobility</kwd><kwd>kakusa shakai</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Enrich, S. R. (2018). Shadow Education and Social Inequalities in Japan. Evolving Patterns and Conceptual Implications. Heidelberg: Springer.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Enrich, S. R. (2018). 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