yearbookjapanЕжегодник ЯпонияYearbook Japan2687-14322687-1440Association of Japanologists and the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences10.55105/2687-1440-2022-51-331-355yearbookjapan-376Research ArticleПРОБА ПЕРАSCHOLARLY DEBUTМинские иллюстрированные источники о японских пиратах вако по «Вако дзукан» («Иллюстрированный свиток о японских пиратах»)Illustrated Ming Dynasty Sources about Japanese Wakō Pirates on the Example of “Wakō Zukan” (“Illustrated Scroll of Japanese Pirates”)МусаеваА. М.MusaevaA. M.

Мусаева Алина Михайловна, студент образовательной программы «Востоковедение», Школа востоковедения, Факультет мировой экономики и мировой политики

105066, Москва, ул. Старая Басманная, д. 21/4, стр. 5

Musaeva Alina M., student of the “Asian and African Studies” educational program, School of Asian Studies, Faculty of World Economy and International Affairs

21/4(5), Staraya Basmannaya Str., Moscow, 105066

musaevaalina444@gmail.comНИУ ВШЭРоссияNational Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE UniversityRussian Federation202207122022510331355Copyright © Мусаева А.М., 20222022Мусаева А.М.Musaeva A.M.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.yearbookjapan.ru/jour/article/view/376

Вако: (букв. «японские пираты»), были морскими разбойниками, происходившими из разных этнических групп и совершавшими набеги на прибрежные территории Китая и Кореи в XIII–XVI вв. В XV в. активность пиратов на Корейском полуострове снизилась и переместилась в береговые провинции Китая, где достигла пика в середине шестнадцатого столетия и была достаточно масштабной для того, чтобы оставить след в произведениях искусства периода Мин (1368–1644). В первой половине статьи дана характеристика двух основных этапов развития «японского пиратства», включающая в себя перечисление ключевых событий и факторов, которые оказывали влияние на усиление и ослабление пиратской активности. Вторая часть статьи посвящена подробному исследованию вопроса о том, какие исторические события нашли отражение в «Иллюстрированном свитке о японских пиратах» («Вако: дзукан»). Для решения этой задачи были выделены основные изобразительные особенности памятника, свиток был разделен на несколько сцен, описание которых представлено в виде таблицы. Кроме того, в статье рассматриваются четыре существующие в историографии теории и оценивается степень их состоятельности при решении поставленной задачи. С целью более глубокого понимания происхождения свитка и его содержания были привлечены еще два памятника, а именно: «Иллюстрированный свиток о сопротивлении японским пиратам» («Ко:ва дзукан») и недошедший до нашего времени «Иллюстрированный свиток об усмирении японских пиратов» («Хэйва дзукан»). «Ко:ва дзукан» также был разделен на несколько эпизодов, произведен сравнительный анализ, результаты которого отражены в вышеупомянутой таблице. Малая освещенность этой темы (в особенности в отечественных публикациях), а также междисциплинарный характер исследования делает его интересным не только ученым, изучающим пиратство как исторический феномен, но и широкому кругу специалистов по истории и искусству стран Востока и международным отношениям в Азиатско-Тихоокеанском регионе.

Wakō, which is literally translated as “Japanese pirates”, were pirates who came from different ethnic groups and raided the coastal territories of China and Korea from the 13th to the 16th centuries. The activity of pirates on the Korean Peninsula declined in the 15th century and moved to the coastal provinces of China, where it peaked in the middle of the 16th century and was significant enough to influence the works of art of the Ming period (1368–1644). The first half of the article describes the two main stages of the development of the “Japanese piracy” and includes key events and factors that influenced the rise and decline in piratical activity. The second part of the article explores what historical event is depicted in the “Wakō Zukan” (“Illustrated Scroll of Japanese Pirates”). In order to achieve this objective, the picture was divided into several scenes and described, the result of which is presented in a table. In addition, the article examines four existing theories and assesses the degree of their consistency. In order to better understand the origin of the scroll and its contents, two more scrolls were used, namely: the “Kōwa Zukan” (“Illustrated Scroll of Resistance to Japanese Pirates”) and the “Heiwa Zukan” (“Illustrated Scroll of the Pacification of Japanese Pirates”). “Kōwa Zukan” was also divided into several episodes and a comparative analysis was made, the results of which are reflected in the table mentioned above. This interdisciplinary research will be of interest not only for scholars studying piracy as a historical phenomenon, but also for a wide range of specialists studying the history and art of the Eastern countries, as well as international relations in the Asia-Pacific region.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.