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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">yearbookjapan</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Ежегодник Япония</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Yearbook Japan</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2687-1432</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2687-1440</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Association of Japanologists and the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.55105/2687-1440-2022-51-322-330</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">yearbookjapan-375</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КУЛЬТУРА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CULTURE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Гибель айнского языка</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Destruction of the Ainu Language</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алпатов</surname><given-names>В. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Alpatov</surname><given-names>V. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Алпатов Владимир Михайлович, академик РАН, доктор филологических наук, профессор, главный научный сотрудник, заведующий отделом языков Восточной и Юго-Восточной Азии</p><p>125009, Москва, Большой Кисловский переулок, 1, стр. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alpatov Vladimir M. Doctor of Sciences (Philology), Professor, Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Chief Researcher, Head of the Department of the Languages of the Eastern and South-Eastern Asia</p><p>1, Bolshoy Kislovsky Lane, Moscow, Russia, 125009</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">v-alpatov@ivran.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт языкознания РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Institute of Linguistics of RAS</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>07</day><month>12</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>51</volume><issue>0</issue><fpage>322</fpage><lpage>330</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Алпатов В.М., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Алпатов В.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Alpatov V.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.yearbookjapan.ru/jour/article/view/375">https://www.yearbookjapan.ru/jour/article/view/375</self-uri><abstract><p>Айнский — единственный исконный язык Японии в исторический период. Его генетические связи неизвестны, грамматическая система отличается от систем языков окружающих народов. Этническое происхождение айнов также неизвестно. В XIX в. носители айнского языка жили на Хоккайдо, на южном Сахалине, на Курильских островах и на юге Камчатки. Они не были многочисленны, но их языковая ситуация была стабильна, их контакты с другими народами не были значительны. Их занятиями были охота и рыбная ловля. С XIX в. айны начали переселяться на Хоккайдо. Русский писатель А. П. Чехов посетил Сахалин в 1890 г. и описал ситуацию с айнами. Он писал, что айны мирные и кроткие; они не могут сопротивляться японской экспансии. В это время айнское население сокращалось, и тому было две причины: смерть от голода и переселения на Хоккайдо. Айны потеряли свою территорию и не имели равных прав с японцами. Японцы презирали айнов, используя фонетическое сходство названия народа айны и японского слова inu ‘собака’, считая айнов гибридом людей и собак. Айнский язык не имел письменности, и в айнских школах преподавался только японский язык. Айны начали ассимилироваться. После Второй мировой войны айнов уровняли в правах с японцами, но новые реформы не изменили ситуацию, и айнский язык вымирал очень быстро. Последний носитель айнского языка на Сахалине умер в 1975 г., а на Хоккайдо около 2000 г.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Ainu is the only native minority language in Japan during the historical period. Its genetic relations are not known, its grammatical system differs from the systems of the languages of the surrounding peoples. The ethnical origin of Ainu is not well-known either. In the 19th century, native speakers of the Ainu language lived in Hokkaido, south Sakhalin, the Kuril Islands, and south Kamchatka. They were not numerous, but their linguistic situation was stable, and their contacts with other peoples were not significant. Their occupations were hunting and fishing. Since the 19th century, the Sakhalin Ainu and the Kuril Ainu began to move into Hokkaido. The Russian writer A. P. Chekhov visited Sakhalin in 1890 and described the Ainu situation. He wrote that the Ainu were peaceful and gentle people; they could not resist the Japanese expansion. At that time, the Ainu population of Sakhalin was declining; there were two causes thereof: death from starvation and migration to Hokkaido. However, since that time, Hokkaido was occupied by the Japanese people. Ainu lost their territory and did not have equal rights with the Japanese. The Japanese people despised Ainu, using the phonetic semblance of the name of the people (Ainu) and the Japanese word inu, ‘dog’, and considered Ainu a hybrid of people and dogs. The Ainu language had no writing system and only Japanese was taught in the Ainu schools. The Ainu people were in the process of assimilation. After the Second World War, the Japanese and the Ainu were equalized in their rights, but the new reforms did not change the linguistic situation, and the Ainu language became extinct very quickly. The last speaker of Ainu in Sakhalin died in 1975, and the last speaker of Ainu in Hokkaido died about 2000.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>айны</kwd><kwd>айнский язык</kwd><kwd>Хоккайдо</kwd><kwd>Сахалин</kwd><kwd>ассимиляция</kwd><kwd>вымирание</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Ainu</kwd><kwd>Japanese</kwd><kwd>Hokkaido</kwd><kwd>Sakhalin</kwd><kwd>assimilation</kwd><kwd>extinction</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Алпатов В. М. (1983) К типологической характеристике айнского языка. Вопросы языкознания. №2. С. 81–86.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alpatov, V. M. (1983). K tipologicheskoi kharakteristike ainskogo yazyka [To the Typological Сharacteristics of Ainu]. Voprosy yazykoznaniya, 2, 81–86. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Алпатов В. М. (1997а) Айнский язык. Языки мира. Палеоазиатские языки. — Москва: Индрик. С. 126–138.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alpatov, V. M. (1997a). Ainskii yazyk [Ainu Language]. In Yazyki mira. Paleoaziatskie yazyki. Moscow: Indrik. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Алпатов В. М. (1997b) Судьба айнского языка. Малые языки Евразии: социолингвистический аспект. — Москва: МГУ. С. 109–115.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alpatov, V. M. (1997b). Sud’ba ainskogo yazyka [Fate of the Ainu Language]. In Malyye yazyki Evrazii. Soctsiolinguistic Aspekt (pp. 109–115). Moscow: Moscow University. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Добротворский М. М. (1875) Айнско-русский словарь. Казанский университет.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chekhov, A. P. (1956). Sobranie sochinenii [Collected Works], Vol. 9. Moscow: Goslitizdat. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чехов А. П. (1956) Остров Сахалин. Чехов А. П. Собрание сочинений. Т. 9. — Москва: Гослитиздат.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dobrotvorskii, M. M. (1875). Ainsko-russkii slovar’ [Ainu-Russian Dictionary]. Kazanskii universitet. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
