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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">yearbookjapan</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Ежегодник Япония</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Yearbook Japan</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2687-1432</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2687-1440</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Association of Japanologists and the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.55105/2687-1440-2022-51-206-225</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">yearbookjapan-369</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КУЛЬТУРА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CULTURE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Японо-буддийский канон изображения небесных государей</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Japanese Buddhist Canon Depicting Heavenly Sovereigns</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7908-8978</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кужель</surname><given-names>Ю. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuzhel</surname><given-names>Yu. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кужель Юрий Леонидович, доктор искусствоведения, профессор кафедры иностранных языков</p><p>125499, Москва, Кронштадтский бульвар, 43-а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kuzhel’ Yuriy L., Doctor of Sciences (Art History), Professor, Department of Foreign Languages</p><p>43-a, Kronshtadtsky Bullevard, Moscow, 125499</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">korkyr@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5836-1747</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бреславец</surname><given-names>Т. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Breslavets</surname><given-names>T. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бреславец Татьяна Иосифовна, кандидат филологических наук, профессор кафедры японоведения</p><p>690922, Владивосток, Русский остров, Аякс, 10, 20D</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Breslavets Tatiana I., PhD (Philology), Professor, Japanese Studies Department</p><p>20D, 10, Ayaks, Russky Island, Vladivostok, 690922</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">breslavets.ti@dvfu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Московский государственный университет спорта и туризма</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Moscow State University for Sports and Tourism</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Дальневосточный федеральный университет</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Oriental Institute — School of Regional and International Studies, Far Eastern Federal University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>07</day><month>12</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>51</volume><issue>0</issue><fpage>206</fpage><lpage>225</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Кужель Ю.Л., Бреславец Т.И., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кужель Ю.Л., Бреславец Т.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kuzhel Y.L., Breslavets T.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.yearbookjapan.ru/jour/article/view/369">https://www.yearbookjapan.ru/jour/article/view/369</self-uri><abstract><p>В японо-буддийском каноне небесные государи относятся к четвертому классу буддийских божеств — после будд, бодхисаттв и светлых царей. Они являются наиболее многочисленной группой и обладают разнообразными иконографическими признаками. Скульптуры отличаются сложностью пластических форм, декоративностью и экспрессией. В японской иконографии происходило преобразование буддийских персонажей, их внешний облик трансформировался согласно этническим требованиям, изменялись свойственные им атрибуты, одеяния, позы. Небесные государи, мягкостью ликов напоминавшие бодхисаттв, в Японии были наделены грозными чертами лица. Светскую одежду они сменили на облачение воинов — доспехи, латы. Некоторые другие божества, считавшиеся воинственными, приобрели умиротворенный облик. Следует выделить четырех небесных государей (ситэнно:) как наиболее значительных — Тамонтэн, Дзикокутэн, Дзо:тё:тэн, Ко:мокутэн. В руках они сжимают оружие. Для Ко:мокутэн в борьбе с невежеством оружием служит слово, поэтому в руках он держит свиток-сутру и кисточку. Кроме них, самыми признанными стали Бонтэн, Тайсякутэн, Бисямонтэн. Они обладают большой физической и духовной силой и предстают в величественных позах. Бисямонтэн выступает воином-защитником, но является и божеством, которое одаривает всех милостью. Появились и скульптуры богинь. Воинственная Бэндзайтэн обрела черты женственности, государыня Китидзё:тэн известна как богиня богатства и счастья. Когорте небесных государей принадлежат также божества-охранители буддийского закона — Сю:конго:дзин и Конго:рикиси. Они как стражи располагаются в нишах храмовых ворот и являются гневными персонажами. Сакральные скульптуры демонстрируют воинственный дух могучим телосложением, мимикой лица, жестами рук и воинскими доспехами. Они свидетельствуют о непоколебимости вероучения. Статические скульптуры обретали выразительность движения благодаря положению рук, согнутых в локтях, поднятых вверх, лежащих на пояснице, и ног, словно танцующих. В статье предлагается рассмотреть художественно наиболее значимые скульптуры, проследить процесс совершенствования стилистических средств ваяния японо-буддийских изображений, раскрыть особенности гротескных произведений с целью расширения знаний о буддийской храмовой скульптуре.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In the Japanese Buddhist canon, the heavenly sovereigns belong to the fourth class of Buddhist deities — after the Buddhas, bodhisattvas, and light kings. They are the largest group. Sculptures are distinguished by the complexity of plastic forms, decorativeness, and expression. In Japanese iconography, the appearance of Buddhist characters was transformed according to ethnic requirements; their attributes, costumes, and poses changed. The heavenly sovereigns, with soft faces reminiscent of bodhisattvas, were endowed with formidable features in Japan; secular attire was changed to the attire of warriors. Other deities, initially considered warlike, acquired a peaceful appearance. Four heavenly sovereigns (shitennō) should be singled out as the most famous — Tamonten, Jikokuten, Zō chō ten, Kō mokuten. They hold weapons in their hands. For Kō mokuten, in his fight against ignorance, the word serves as a weapon, and he holds a scroll-sutra and a brush. In addition to them, Bonten, Taishakuten, Bishamonten became recognized. They have great physical and spiritual strength and appear in majestic poses. Bishamonten acts as a warrior-protector but is also a deity who bestows mercy on everyone. The warrior Benzaiten took on the traits of femininity. Kichijō ten is known as the goddess of wealth and happiness. The cohort of heavenly sovereigns belong to the guardian deities of Buddhist law — Shū kongō jin and Kongō rikishi. They are akin to guards located in the niches of temple gates. Sacred sculptures demonstrate the martial spirit with a powerful physique, facial expressions, hand gestures, military armor. Initially static, the sculptures acquired expressiveness of movement due to the position of arms and legs. The article considers the most artistically significant sculptures to trace the process of improving the stylistic means of sculpting Japanese-Buddhist images, to reveal the features of grotesque works, and to expand knowledge about Buddhist temple sculpture.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>буддизм</kwd><kwd>будда</kwd><kwd>бодхисаттва</kwd><kwd>иконография</kwd><kwd>храмовая скульптура</kwd><kwd>небесные государи</kwd><kwd>стражи врат</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Buddhism</kwd><kwd>Buddha</kwd><kwd>bodhisattva</kwd><kwd>iconography</kwd><kwd>temple sculpture</kwd><kwd>celestial sovereigns</kwd><kwd>gatekeepers</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kobayashi, T. (1975). Nara Buddhist Art: Todaiji. Vol. 5. New York, Tokyo: Heibonsha.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kobayashi, T. (1975). 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