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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">yearbookjapan</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Ежегодник Япония</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Yearbook Japan</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2687-1432</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2687-1440</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Association of Japanologists and the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24412/2687-1440-2021-50-130-162</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">yearbookjapan-10</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ИСТОРИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>HISTORY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Погребальные сооружения периодов Яёй-Кофун и зарождение японской государственности</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Funerary Structures of the Yayoi and Kofun Periods and the Birth of Japanese Statehood</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бакшеев</surname><given-names>Е. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Baksheev</surname><given-names>E. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бакшеев Евгений Сергеевич, кандидат культурологии, консультант</p><p>123056 Москва, ул. Васильевская, д. 13, стр. 1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Baksheev Evgeny S., Ph.D. in Cultural Studies, Consultant</p><p>123056, Moscow, Vasil’evskaya street, 13-1</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">e.baksheev@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Новый институт культурологии</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>New Institute for Cultural Research</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>17</day><month>02</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>50</volume><issue>0</issue><fpage>130</fpage><lpage>162</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Бакшеев Е.С., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Бакшеев Е.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Baksheev E.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.yearbookjapan.ru/jour/article/view/10">https://www.yearbookjapan.ru/jour/article/view/10</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье рассматриваются, главным образом, с точки зрения внешней формы, основные типы погребальных сооружений периода Яёй (ок. V в. до н. э. – III в. н. э.) с насыпью, в частности: круглые (円形周溝墓) и квадратные могильные насыпи со рвом (方形周溝墓) и с одним или двумя выступами, могильные насыпи с 4-мя угловыми выступами (四隅突出形 墳丘墓) региона Санъин, большие могильные насыпи функю:бо 大型墳丘墓 Позднего Яёй, «курганы типа Макимуку» 纒向型前方後円墳 переходного периода от Яёй к Кофун и др.</p><p>Если небольшие могильные насыпи со рвом Раннего Яёй, у которых ров пересекается перемычкой, отходящей от насыпи, были лишь отдаленной предтечей «квадратно»-круглых и «квадратно»-квадратных курганов периода Кофун, то большие насыпи функю:бо Позднего Яёй уже являются прототипом курганов кофун. Курганы кофун появились благодаря синтезу многих локальных особенностей насыпей функю:бо Позднего Яёй: например, цилиндрические ханива (энто: ханива) курганов кофун развились из сосудов и подставок под них на функю:бо в регионе Киби (преф. Окаяма). Между насыпями П. Яёй и курганами Р. Кофун есть очевидное генеалогическое родство; т. н. «квадратно»-круглые курганы дзэмпо: ко:эн-фун 前方後円墳 представляют собой развитие круглой насыпи функю:бо с одним прямоугольным («квадратным») выступом.</p><p>Однако самыми непосредственными предшественниками стандартных «квадратно»-круглых курганов в Кинай, например, Хасихака кофун, стали т. н. «квадратно-круглые курганы типа Макимуку» 纒向型前方後円墳, которые являются переходной формой от насыпей функю:бо Позднего Яёй к настоящим курганам Раннего Кофун. Таким образом, истоки культуры «квадратно»-круглых курганов, в частности, их уникальной формы, — при явном континентальном влиянии — лежат в автохтонной традиции (могильные насыпи периода Яёй).</p><p>Взаимосвязано с формированием «курганной культуры» происходил процесс политогенеза: «курганы типа Макимуку» появились в начале – 1-й пол. III в. н. э. в местности Макимуку (г. Сакураи, преф. Нара) в т. н. «политии Мива», ставшей зачатком раннего государства Ямато. Появление в различных регионах стандартных курганов кофун означало становление в III в. — IV в. н. э. конфедерации (во главе с правителями Ямато) региональных политий, связанных общими ритуалами вождеских захоронений и наследования власти.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article examines the main types of mound-burials 墳丘墓 of the Yayoi period (ca. 5th c. BC – 3rd c. AD), in particular: round (円形周溝墓) and square moated precinct burials (方形周溝墓) with one or two projections, square mounds with four corner projections (四隅突出形墳丘墓) of the San’in region, large round and square mound-burials (with projections) of Late Yayoi, ‘Makimuku-style’ keyhole mounded burials of the transition period from Yayoi to Kofun, etc.</p><p>Small moated precinct burials of the Early Yayoi period, with the projection from the main mound serving as a land-bridge access from outside the moat into the burial precinct, were only the forerunner of keyhole tombs of the Kofun period with round or square rear mounds, while large mound-burials of Late Yayoi can be already considered a prototype of the kofun keyhole tombs. Mounded tombs of the Kofun period appeared due to the synthesis of many local features of Late Yayoi mound-burials 墳丘墓, particularly, cylindrical haniwa funerary sculptures developed from the Kibi decorated jar and jar-stand combination placed as oﬀerings on top of the Yayoi mound-burials (Okayama Pref.). There is an obvious genealogical relationship between Late Yayoi mound-burials and mounded tombs of Early Kofun; for example, keyhole tombs with round rear mounds (前方後円墳) represent a development of а round mound-burial with one square projection.</p><p>However, keyhole-shaped ‘Makimuku-style’ mounded burials 纒向型前方 後円墳, the immediate mound-burial forerunners of standardized keyhole tomb tradition embodied by Hashihaka kofun (Kinai), appeared in the early to mid-3rd century AD in the Miwa area of Nara plain at Makimuku site (modern Sakurai city), which was the location of Miwa polity and the birthplace of the nascent Yamato state. Thus, the origins of the keyhole tomb culture, in particular, of the unique keyhole form, — with an obvious signiﬁcant continental inﬂuence — are in the autochthonic tradition of the Yayoi mound-burials. At the same time, the process of politogenesis took place intertwined with the formation of the “Mounded Tomb Culture”. The appearance of the standardized keyhole tombs in diﬀerent regions signaled development (in the 3rd – 4th centuries AD) of a Yamatoled confederacy uniting several chiefdoms bonded by common rituals of chieﬂy burial and succession.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Яёй</kwd><kwd>Кофун</kwd><kwd>могильные насыпи функю:бо</kwd><kwd>квадратные и круглые могильные насыпи со рвом</kwd><kwd>могильные насыпи с 4-мя угловыми выступами Идзумо</kwd><kwd>ритуальная керамика периода Яёй</kwd><kwd>ханива</kwd><kwd>курганы типа Макимуку</kwd><kwd>Хасихака кофун</kwd><kwd>курганы кофун</kwd><kwd>«квадратно»-круглые курганы</kwd><kwd>политогенез</kwd><kwd>«полития Мива»</kwd><kwd>государство Ямато</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Yayoi</kwd><kwd>Kofun</kwd><kwd>round and square moated precinct burials</kwd><kwd>Yayoi period mound-burials</kwd><kwd>square mounds with four corner projections</kwd><kwd>ritual pottery stands and accompanying jars</kwd><kwd>haniwa</kwd><kwd>‘Makimuku-style’ keyhole mounded burials</kwd><kwd>mounded tombs</kwd><kwd>keyhole tombs with round rear mounds</kwd><kwd>Hashihaka kofun</kwd><kwd>Makimuku site</kwd><kwd>Miwa polity</kwd><kwd>state formation</kwd><kwd>Yamato state</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бакшеев Е. 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